BRAZIL 9/22/14

• 1822: Independence & monarchy
• Export enclaves—“boom and bust” economies
• Sugar, gold, rubber (Manaus Opera House and Amazonas), coffee
• 1889: End of slavery & monarchy—Federal Republic
• Industrialization and middle-class development
• Industrial sector more autonomous
• Presidential transition between Sao Paulo and Minas Gerais
• 1930-45: Getulio Vargas
• Depression, electoral fraud, violation of presidential transition, assassination of Vargas’ running mate, and rebellion overthrow the old order
• Vargas installed as populist leader
• 1930-37—Vargas more conciliatory toward export elites
• 1937—Estado Novo
• Corporatism, especially labor (loss of autonomy, more personalistic)
• Industrialization, protectionism, social welfare
• 1943-45—too authoritarian, personalistic, and leftist
• 1945—Vargas ousted by military
• 1945-64: Democratic era
• Weak parties—PSD and PTB were pro-Vargas; UDN was anti-Vargas
• 1946-50—Dutra (PSD)
• 1950-54—Vargas (PTB) returns
• Economic problems of Dutra’s liberal policies paved the way for Vargas again
• Joao Goulart: Labor Minister and leftist (polarizing figure)—credit controls and multiple exchange rates—military forces resignation of Goulart in 1954
• 1954—Vargas tilts further to the left (100% pay raise). Aug, 1954—military tells Vargas to step down. Instead he commits suicide
• 1956-61: Juscelino Kubitschek (PSD) with Goulart as V-P (PTB).
• “Desarrollismo”
• Brasilia
• 1961: Janio Quadros (independent) with Goulart as V-P. Resigns after 7 months.
• 1961-64: Goulart succeeds Quadros—army is opposed
• Increasing leftward tilt—tax and land reforms, nationalizations
• Goulart supports leftist-oriented revolt in military
• 1964-85: Bureaucratic-Authoritian Era
• March 31, 1964—military ousts Goulart
• Pro-U.S.—foreign investment—austerity
• U.S. role in coup: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB118/index.htm#audio and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JHcuehtV2cA
• Series of “Institutional Acts” (restricting human rights, Congress, courts, etc.)
• Eventually absolishing parties, Congress, unions, etc.
• Cycles of mini-liberalizations followed by authoritarian reactions
• 1966—new Constitution—consolidation of authoritarian policies of Institutional Acts
• Economic success
• Series of 5 military presidents
• 1985-present: New Democratic Era
• Gradual transition—beginning with true Electoral College
• 1985-90—Jose Sarney
• 1990-92--Fernando Collor (first direct popular election)—impeached due to corruption
• 1992-95—Itamar Franco (“Plano Real” under new Finance Minister Cardoso)
• 1995-03—Fernando Henrique Cardoso
• Sociologist (President of International Sociology Association) with ties to many U.S. universities. Author of many books, including the most influential Dependency and Development in Latin America.
• He allegedly once said "Forget what I wrote"
• Umbrella coalition, with many neo-liberal tendencies
• 2003-2010—Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva (or simply, Lula)
• Long-time union member and union leader
• First ran for the presidency in 1989
• Elected as the most leftist Brazilian president since Goulart—but has moderated into a more traditional social-democrat
• 2010-present—Dilma Rousseff
• Fought against the military governments
• Imprisoned 1970-72, allegedly tortured
• Close supporter of Lula
• First female President of Brazil

CONCLUSION

• Stages
• Export-oriented and Traditional Oligary—through 1930s (but development of autonomous industry)
• Easy ISI and Populism—Vargas (especially Estado Novo)—but “deeper” (1^st integrated steel mill in Latin America)
• Hard ISI and B-A—1964-1985
• Military “more successful in its own terms” (voluntary transition in 1985)
• Compared with Argentina
• Brazilian labor more controlled (no Peronist labor unions)
• Weak political parties in Brazil
• Brazilian military more astute and determined (created a dominant movement)